{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:21:03Z","timestamp":1791580863040,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005614","name":"Biogen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000924","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020021","name":"Avant Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms of relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Digital cognitive biomarkers require less time and resources and are rapidly gaining popularity in clinical settings. We examined the longitudinal trajectory of the iPad\u2010based Processing Speed Test (PST) and predictors of PST scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We prospectively enrolled RRMS patients between 2017 and 2021 across six Australian MS centres. Longitudinal data was analysed with mixed effect modelling and latent class mixed models. We then examined whether latent class group membership predicted confirmed decrease in correct PST responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited a total of 1093 participants, of which 724 had complete baseline data with a median follow up duration of 2\u2009years. At a population level, PST trajectory was stable. A small practice effect was present up to the 4th visit. Age, baseline disability, T2 lesion volume, male sex and depression were associated with lower correct PST responses, whilst years of education and full\/part\u2010time employment were associated with more correct PST responses.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified four latent class trajectories of PST. The worst latent class was typified by low baseline PST and lack of a practice effect. Being in the worst latent class was associated with a greater hazard of time to sustained 5% decrease in PST (HR 2.84, 95% CI 1.16\u20136.94,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Worse baseline cognitive performance and lack of a practice effect predicted future cognitive decline in RRMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T18:55:27Z","timestamp":1741632927000},"page":"842-850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Longitudinal Trajectories of Digital Cognitive Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6447-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi Chao","family":"Foong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Eastern Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Royal Hobart Hospital  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Eastern Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0738-1136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Gresle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3951-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4039-9303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Buzzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Health  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