{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T03:08:30Z","timestamp":1778036910334,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical outcome measures for autoimmune encephalitis (AE) are not yet well defined. Cognitive outcome measures (CogOs) and patient\u2010reported outcomes (PROs) may capture the symptoms of AE, beyond clinician\u2010reported outcomes (ClinROs) (the Modified Rankin Scale [mRS] and Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis [CASE]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study examined LGI\u20101\u2010IgG AE patients at Cleveland Clinic. CogOs included the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (BVMT). PROs included Neuro\u2010QoL, PROMIS Global Physical (GPH) and Mental Health (GMH). Abnormal RAVLT, BVMT (\u2264\u2009\u22121.5 SD), Neuro\u2010QoL, and PROMIS (\u2265\u200910\u2009T\u2010scores) proportions were analyzed. CogOs and PROs were correlated with ClinROs using Spearman's rank correlation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010four patients (64% male, mean age 68 [SD\u2009=\u200911], median follow\u2010up 19\u2009months) were included. ClinROs improved, with median mRS decreasing from 2.5 (IQR\u2009=\u20092\u20133) to 2 (IQR\u2009=\u20091\u20132), and CASE from 5 (IQR\u2009=\u20093\u20136) to 3 (IQR\u2009=\u20092\u20133) (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). RAVLT (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915), BVMT (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916), Neuro\u2010QoL (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921), and PROMIS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200934) were available. At &gt; 12\u2009months from diagnosis, cognition was impaired on BVMT (56%) and RAVLT (20%). PROs showed impairments in Neuro\u2010QoL lower (38%) and upper (27%) extremity function, cognition (31%), and PROMIS\u2010GPH (25%). RAVLT correlated with Neuro\u2010QoL cognition, depression, and stigma, while BVMT correlated with PROMIS\u2010GMH (all unadjusted <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Neither RAVLT nor BVMT correlated with ClinROs. ClinROs correlated with Neuro\u2010QoL lower extremity function, cognition, and social roles (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>LGI\u20101\u2010IgG AE patients have long\u2010term impairments in cognition, physical health, and social roles, which can be objectively measured using CogOs and PROs and are not captured by ClinROs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T03:58:36Z","timestamp":1750478316000},"page":"1670-1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cognitive and Patient\u2010Reported Outcome Measures in <scp>LGI<\/scp>\u20101\u2010<scp>IgG<\/scp> Autoimmune Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9063-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatchaporn","family":"Ongphichetmetha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mellen Center, Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Siriraj Neuroimmunology Center, Mahidol University Siriraj Hospital  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Swetlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mellen Center, Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lerner Research Institute Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Neurological Institute Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5053-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Aboseif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Multiple Sclerosis &amp; Autoimmune Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0552-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineet","family":"Punia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Lapin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lerner Research Institute Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Neurological Institute Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio 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