{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:09:11Z","timestamp":1792066151347,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1NS126227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1NS126227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the value of cytokine, chemokine, and neurofilament light chain (NfL) concentrations in predicting relapse risk, chronic epilepsy, and functional impairment in LGI1 autoimmune encephalitis (AE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytokines\/chemokines (IL\u20101\u2010beta, IL\u20102, IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u20106, IL\u20108\/CXCL8, IL\u201010, IL\u201012p70, IL\u201013, IL\u201017A, GM\u2010CSF, TNF\u2010alpha, IFN\u2010gamma, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, BAFF) and NfL concentrations were measured in CSF and paired serum from LGI1\u2010AE patients evaluated at Mayo Clinic (01\/2015\u201302\/2024), using a multiplex immunoassay system (ELLA, Bio\u2010Techne) and correlated with clinical outcomes. A laboratory\u2010based cohort of LGI1\u2010IgG\u2010positive patients and control cohorts, including patients with mixed non\u2010inflammatory disorders (MNID), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty\u2010four patients with LGI1\u2010AE were included; 29 (66%) were male, with a median age of 68.5\u2009years (range, 8\u201385). Median time from symptom onset to CSF sampling was eight\u2009months (IQR, 3\u201317); 19\/42 (45%) experienced a clinical relapse and 27% developed chronic epilepsy. Serum IL\u20106, serum and CSF IL\u20108\/CXCL8, and IL\u201017A were higher in LGI1\u2010IgG positive patients than MNID (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). TLE cytokine\/chemokine profiles were similar to LGI1 AE; AD patients had lower serum IL\u20106 and CSF IL\u20108\/CXCL8 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01), and higher serum IL\u201017A and GM\u2010CSF (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) than LGI1\u2010AE. Higher CSF IL\u20106 and IL\u20108\/CXCL8 in LGI1\u2010AE associated with clinical relapse (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and higher CSF NfL associated with chronic epilepsy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevations in IL\u20106, IL\u20108\/CXCL8, and IL\u201017A were identified in this LGI1\u2010AE cohort. CSF IL\u20106, IL\u20108\/CXCL8, and NfL levels are potential prognostic biomarkers for risk of relapse and chronic epilepsy in LGI1\u2010AE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T03:13:37Z","timestamp":1754709217000},"page":"2258-2270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cytokine, Chemokine, and Neurofilament Light Chain Signatures in\n                    <scp>LGI1<\/scp>\n                    Autoimmune Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5053-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Aboseif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Center for Multiple Sclerosis &amp; Autoimmune Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Mangioris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Multiple Sclerosis &amp; Autoimmune Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binxia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa K.","family":"Pazdernik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Britton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-4075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divyanshu","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Center for Multiple Sclerosis &amp; Autoimmune Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eoin P.","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Center for Multiple Sclerosis &amp; Autoimmune Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarosh R.","family":"Irani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Jacksonville Florida USA"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5133-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles L.","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Center for Multiple Sclerosis &amp; Autoimmune Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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