{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:40:44Z","timestamp":1791214844393,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS126227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS126227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01NS120901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01NS120901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001631","name":"University College Dublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to characterize the sixth most common finding in our neuroimmunological laboratory practice (tissue assay\u2010observed unclassified neural antibodies [UNAs]), combining protein microarray and phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP\u2010Seq).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient specimens (258; 133 serums; 125 CSF) meeting UNA criteria were profiled; October 2022\u2013September 2023. Top\u2010ranking candidate antigens were validated in silico, by dual\u2010staining confocal microscopy, and \u2265\u20091 protein\u2010specific assay. Clinical data were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 21 patients, 11 autoantibodies were characterized (serum, 19; CSF, all 9 available). Autoantigens were CACNA1I, 1; CAMK2B, 2; CLIP2, 1; FMN2, 2; MAP1A, 2; MAP2, 5; NECAB1, 1; SNAP91, 3; SRCIN1, 1; SYNJ1, 1; SYT3, 2. Analytical validation was by confocal TIIFA (all), western blot (10\/10 available), and cell\u2010based assay (5\/5 performed). Clinical accompaniments were: encephalitis, 6; brainstem encephalitis, 2; encephalomyelitis, 2; cerebellar ataxia, 2; longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), 2; sensory neuronopathy, 1; peripheral neuropathy, 4, and movement disorders, 2. Inflammatory MRI abnormalities were identified in 5\/16 patients (31%) with CNS disorders: T2 signal change (2), LETM (2), leptomeningeal enhancement (1). Seven of 8 (88%) had inflammatory CSF (pleocytosis, 5 [median 25.5 cells, range 7\u2013294]; elevated IgG index\/synthesis rate, 4; CSF\u2010exclusive oligoclonal bands, 4). Six had paraneoplastic causation (lung cancer, 2; other, 4); 3 were postinfectious (1 each of COVID\u201019, HSV\u20101, and post\u2010Group A streptococcal infection). Of 9 immunotherapy\u2010treated patients, 5 improved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UNAs are partly accounted for by a repertoire of diverse mostly intracellular synaptic antigens. Their characterization is expedited by protein arrays and PhIPSeq. Further individual studies are needed to assess them as disease biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T11:18:01Z","timestamp":1762427881000},"page":"547-561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Insights Into the Antigenic Repertoire of Unclassified Synaptic Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Gilligan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota 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