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The underlying pathophysiology remains unclear, and current therapeutic options are limited. This study aimed to investigate the oscillatory dynamics of the supplementary motor area during levodopa administration and the emergence of dyskinesias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We applied transcranial magnetic stimulation to directly perturb the supplementary motor area and used high\u2010density electroencephalography to measure its natural oscillatory frequency during levodopa administration and the emergence of dyskinesias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Levodopa intake increased cortical excitability in both dyskinetic and non\u2010dyskinetic parkinsonian patients. Transcranial magnetic stimulation consistently evoked dominant beta\u2010gamma oscillations in both groups. Notably, dyskinetic patients exhibited a shift of event\u2010related spectral perturbation toward beta low frequencies, paralleling the clinical manifestation of peak\u2010of\u2010dose dyskinesias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support the view of dyskinesias as disorders of oscillatory local and network activity and suggest that targeted neuromodulation strategies could be developed to mitigate these motor complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:23:34Z","timestamp":1785417814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural Frequencies of Levodopa\u2010Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis U.","family":"Isaias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Wuerzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg  Wuerzburg Germany"},{"name":"Parkinson Institute of Milan, ASST G. Pini\u2010CTO  Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7565-9371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Avantaggiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Wuerzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg  Wuerzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4665-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianni","family":"Pezzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Institute of Milan, ASST G. Pini\u2010CTO  Milano Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Pezzoli per la Malattia di Parkinson \u2013 ETS  Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8946-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Canessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Wuerzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg  Wuerzburg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering University of Genoa  Genoa 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