{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T13:04:41Z","timestamp":1784898281299,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKRI1464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKRI1464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C16077\/A29186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C16077\/A29186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A history of vascular disease has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, but this may be due to reverse causation. In addition, non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs are thought to reduce Parkinson's disease risk, but evidence is inconsistent and confounding by prior vascular disease is possible. Our objective was to examine these associations in the UK prospective Million Women Study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 819,575 women were followed from median year 2001 for first hospital admission or death from Parkinson's disease. A history of ischaemic heart disease and of cerebrovascular disease was ascertained through hospital admission records and self\u2010report at baseline. Use of the two non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs, aspirin and ibuprofen, was ascertained through self\u2010report at baseline. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During an average follow\u2010up of 18\u00a0years, 10,364 cases of Parkinson's disease occurred. Women with prior ischaemic heart disease had an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (Hazard ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.35\u20131.54), as did women with prior cerebrovascular disease (1.51, 1.32\u20131.73); both associations were still pronounced 10 or more years after baseline. There was little association of aspirin use with risk of Parkinson's disease (1.06, 1.00\u20131.13) after adjustment for vascular disease, and no association with ibuprofen use (1.04, 0.97\u20131.11).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease are both positively associated with subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease and these associations are unlikely to be solely due to reverse causation. In contrast, use of non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs\u00a0is not materially associated with risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:36:40Z","timestamp":1784896600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vascular Disease, Non\u2010Steroidal Anti\u2010Inflammatory Drugs and Risk of Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Clare","family":"Wotton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford  England UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Hermon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford  England UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Floud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford  England UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford  England UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2535-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isobel","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford  England UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Parkinson's Disease in Adults","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-018-0587-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-213007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30230-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25564"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1094778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.732"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2851-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820f2d79"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256602"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000325653"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03399.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"Acute Coronary Syndromes","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit \u201cMillion Women Study [Data Set] \u201d(1996) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5287\/ORA\u2010DXR7X4PD6."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"\u201cThe Million Women Study \u201dhttps:\/\/www.ceu.ox.ac.uk\/research\/the\u2010million\u2010women\u2010study."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"Health and Deprivation: Inequalities and the North","author":"Townsend P.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01478-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Validity Over Time of Self\u2010Reported Anthropometric Variables During Follow\u2010Up of a Large Cohort of UK Women","volume":"8","author":"Wright F. 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