{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:59:19Z","timestamp":1790387959172,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To retrospectively evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy (APE\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) score relative to clinician\u2010adjudicated autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and the Graus criteria in a tertiary neuroimmunology referral cohort, including antibody\u2010negative AE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a retrospective single\u2010center study of consecutive referrals to a tertiary neuroimmunology clinic (January 2017\u2013May 2023). AE diagnosis was determined by expert consensus based on clinical features, investigations, exclusion of alternative diagnoses, and immunotherapy response. APE\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      scores and Graus categories, were assigned retrospectively; APE2SM [APE2 seizure\/movement]\u00a0was examined as a post hoc exploratory secondary analysis. Diagnostic performance was assessed using ROC analysis and contingency tables, and logistic regression modeled the probability of AE across scores within this study cohort.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty\u2010five patients were included (56.5% female; mean age 53.8\u2009years). Fifty\u2010nine (69.4%) had AE (34 antibody\u2010positive). APE\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      demonstrated higher discriminative performance than Graus categories in this cohort (AUC 0.894 vs. 0.804) and in antibody\u2010negative patients (AUC 0.905 vs. 0.850). In both models, an APE\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      cutoff \u2265\u20094 balanced sensitivity and specificity near or above 80%, whereas in the full patient cohort no Graus criteria threshold achieved a similar balance. Probability modeling showed APE\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20094 crossed 80% in all patients and 60% in antibody\u2010negative patients within this cohort. Exploratory analysis showed that APE2SM had overall discrimination comparable to the original APE\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      score, with a slightly lower AUC in the full cohort (0.888 vs. 0.894).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      APE\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      score demonstrated good diagnostic discrimination and may represent a useful adjunctive tool for early AE evaluation, including antibody\u2010negative cases. The exploratory APE2SM model may further enhance sensitivity; however, prospective multicenter validation is needed before routine clinical implementation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:12:45Z","timestamp":1790385165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utility of the\n                    <scp>\n                      APE\n                      <sup>2<\/sup>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Score as a Diagnostic Tool for Autoimmune Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5122-9807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijoya","family":"Basu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine  Cleveland Ohio 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