{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:06:30Z","timestamp":1790334390472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Transl Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a lack of studies on seizure outcomes associated with ofatumumab therapy in patients for relapsing anti\u2010N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis. We aimed to evaluate long\u2010term seizure outcomes of ofatumumab therapy for relapsing anti\u2010NMDA receptor encephalitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a prospective cohort study, Compared patients with relapsing anti\u2010NMDA receptor encephalitis who had received at least 1 ofatumumab dose and a control cohort of non\u2010ofatumumab\u2010treated patients, continuous follow\u2010up for 24\u2009months. The primary outcome was the seizure outcomes (including both seizure reduction and seizure freedom; seizure reduction is defined as a reduction in seizure frequency to 50% or more of the baseline level, seizure freedom is defined as having no seizures) at the follow\u2010up. The secondary outcomes included modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores and Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) scores over the 24\u2010month follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We enrolled 93 patients with relapsing anti\u2010NMDA receptor encephalitis. A total of 76 patients met the requirements after the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The 38 patients received ofatumumab therapy, and the other 38 patients received non\u2010ofatumumab therapy. Follow\u2010up after 6\u2009months, the ofatumumab therapy group demonstrated favorable seizure outcomes (63.16% vs. 36.84%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Follow\u2010up after 12\u2009months, this improvement of seizure outcomes was more pronounced (78.95% vs. 60.53%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Follow\u2010up after 24\u2009months, this difference between the two groups widened further (94.74% vs. 78.95%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), compared with the non\u2010ofatumumab therapy group. Follow\u2010up after 6\u2009months, the ofatumumab group demonstrated a faster mRS scores (2.85\u2009\u00b1\u20090.65 vs. 3.75\u2009\u00b1\u20090.55,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and CASE scores (11.80\u2009\u00b1\u20091.65 vs. 13.75\u2009\u00b1\u20091.55,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Follow\u2010up after 12\u2009months, the ofatumumab group demonstrated a faster mRS scores (1.68\u2009\u00b1\u20090.45 vs. 2.39\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and CASE scores (6.75\u2009\u00b1\u20091.45 vs. 9.39\u2009\u00b1\u20091.35\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Follow\u2010up after 24\u2009months, the ofatumumab group demonstrated a faster mRS scores (1.25\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35 vs. 1.68\u2009\u00b1\u20090.45,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and CASE scores (4.25\u2009\u00b1\u20090.75 vs. 6.68\u2009\u00b1\u20091.35,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). And no serious adverse events associated with ofatumumab treatment were reported. Furthermore, Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that early initiation of ofatumumab therapy, psychiatric symptoms, and abnormal brain MRI findings may be associated with seizure outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ofatumumab showed substantial improvement in long\u2010term seizure outcomes in patients with relapsing anti\u2010NMDA receptor encephalitis, particularly those presenting with seizures as a predominant clinical feature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:23:27Z","timestamp":1790331807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ofatumumab Therapy and Long\u2010Term Seizure Outcomes of Patients With Relapsing Anti\u2010\n                    <scp>NMDA<\/scp>\n                    Receptor Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4565-015X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Affiliated Aerospace Hospital of Zunyi Medical University  Zunyi City Guizhou Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Affiliated Aerospace Hospital of Zunyi Medical University  Zunyi City Guizhou Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Affiliated Aerospace Hospital of Zunyi Medical University  Zunyi City Guizhou Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30244-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.621599"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70310-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","article-title":"Long\u2010Term Clinical and Biological Prognostic Factors of Anti\u2010NMDA Receptor Encephalitis in Children","volume":"12","author":"Mazowiecki M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.918396","article-title":"Relapses of Anti\u2010NMDAR, Anti\u2010GABABR and Anti\u2010LGI1 Encephalitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Zhong R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in 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Efgartigimod for Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis With Dual Anti\u2010NMDAR and Anti\u2010GFAP Antibody Positivity: First Case Report","volume":"16","author":"Xin T.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2024.578458","article-title":"Ofatumumab Treatment for Severe Refractory Anti\u2010NMDAR Encephalitis: A Case Series","volume":"396","author":"Rong L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578062","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effect of Ofatumumab in Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Series","volume":"377","author":"Qinming Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_236_23","article-title":"Ofatumumab, a Fully Human Anti\u2010CD20 Monoclonal Antibody, in the 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