{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:14:52Z","timestamp":1791911692113,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,6]],"date-time":"2011-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp;amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the independent and combined influence of individual\u2010 and community\u2010level socioeconomic status (SES) measures on physical health status outcomes in people with self\u2010reported arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 2004\u20132005, 968 participants completed a telephone survey assessing health status, chronic conditions, community characteristics, and sociodemographic variables. Individual\u2010level SES measures used included homeownership, occupation (professional or not), educational attainment (less than high school, high school degree, and more than high school), and income (&lt;$15,000, $15,000\u2013$45,000, and &gt;$45,000). Community poverty (2000 US Census block group percentage of individuals living below the poverty line [low, medium, and high]) was used as a community\u2010level SES measure. Outcomes were physical functioning (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12 version 2 physical component summary [PCS]), functional disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire [HAQ]), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Health\u2010Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) Healthy Days physical and limited activity days, and were analyzed via multivariable regressions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>When entered separately, all individual\u2010level SES variables were significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) associated with poorer PCS, HAQ, and CDC HRQOL scores. A higher magnitude of effect was seen for household income, specifically &lt;$15,000 per year in final models with all 4 individual SES measures and community poverty. The magnitude of effect for education is reduced and marginally significant for the PCS and number of physically unhealthy days. No effects were seen for occupation, homeownership, and community poverty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings confirm that after adjusting for important covariates, lower individual\u2010 and community\u2010level SES measures are associated with poorer physical health outcomes, while household income is the strongest predictor (as measured by both significance and effect) of poorer health status in final models. Studies not having participant\u2010reported income available should make use of other SES measures, as they do independently predict physical health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,10]],"date-time":"2011-01-10T11:42:14Z","timestamp":1294659734000},"page":"643-653","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Independent and combined influence of homeownership, occupation, education, income, and community poverty on physical health in persons with arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Leigh F.","family":"Callahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn Remmes","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Shreffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Schoster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay S.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195083316.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195137408.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203421680"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenesis, assessment, outcome, and treatment","author":"Callahan LF","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380217"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200112)44:12<2711::AID-ART457>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.25.1.489"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.10.794"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","first-page":"2330","article-title":"The relationship between social deprivation, disease outcome measures, and response to treatment in patients with stable, long\u2010standing rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Harrison MJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24830"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","first-page":"1782","article-title":"The role of neighborhood and individual socioeconomic status in outcomes of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"35","author":"Trupin LS","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.069443"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23316"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23834"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","first-page":"A05","article-title":"Health\u2010related quality of life in adults from 17 family practice clinics in North Carolina","volume":"6","author":"Callahan LF","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90156-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1790090608"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.6.816"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Are mind\u2010body variables a central factor linking socioeconomic status and health?","volume":"11","author":"Pincus T","year":"1995","journal-title":"Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.059253"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009733"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7328.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Development of a practice\u2010based patient cohort for primary care research","volume":"38","author":"Sloane PD","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC behavioral risk factor surveillance system arthritis questions 1996\u20132010. URL:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/arthritis\/data_statistics\/brfss_questions.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","volume-title":"Measuring healthy days","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-4-66"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780230202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.5.703"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.45.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","volume-title":"Census 2000 summary file 3: census of population and housing","author":"US Department of Commerce","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","volume-title":"Stata statistical software","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00645.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181caeb90"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0153-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.031666"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a Danish case\u2010control study","volume":"33","author":"Pedersen M","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-196"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000062554.74615.4C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/COPD-200050663"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080479"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410110045008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.4.5.515"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.3.207"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Facr.20428","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acr.20428","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T16:49:22Z","timestamp":1759423762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acr.20428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acr.20428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.20428","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2151-464X","2151-4658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2151-464X","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-4658","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}}}