{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:31:53Z","timestamp":1790415113586,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Environmental factors may play a role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We previously observed increased RA risk among women living closer to major roads (a source of air pollution). Herein, we examined whether long\u2010term exposures to specific air pollutants were associated with RA risk among women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The NHS is a large US cohort of female nurses followed up prospectively every 2 years since 1976. We studied 111,425 NHS participants with information on air pollution exposures as well as data concerning other lifestyle and behavioral exposures and disease outcomes. Outdoor levels of different size fractions of particulate matter (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) and gaseous pollutants (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were predicted for all available residential addresses using monitoring data from the US Environmental Protection Agency. We examined the association of time\u2010varying exposures 6 and 10 years before each questionnaire cycle and cumulative average exposure with the risk of RA, seronegative (rheumatoid factor and anti\u2013citrullinated peptide antibody negative) RA, and seropositive RA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the 3,019,424 person\u2010years of followup, 858 incident RA cases were validated by medical record review by 2 board\u2010certified rheumatologists. Overall, we found no evidence of increased risk of RA, seronegative RA, or seropositive RA with exposure to the different pollutants and little evidence of effect modification by socioeconomic status or smoking status, geographic region, or calendar period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this group of socioeconomically advantaged middle\u2010aged and elderly women, adult exposures to air pollution were not associated with an increased RA risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,11]],"date-time":"2013-02-11T16:05:27Z","timestamp":1360598727000},"page":"1190-1196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Ambient Air Pollution Exposures and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Jaime E.","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and 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