{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:17:35Z","timestamp":1787242655014,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]],"date-time":"2014-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014118","name":"Savient Pharmaceuticals, Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014118","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp;amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gout flares are not well documented by diagnosis codes, making it difficult to conduct accurate database studies. We implemented a computer\u2010based method to automatically identify gout flares using natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) from electronic clinical notes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 16,519 patients, 1,264 and 1,192 clinical notes from 2 separate sets of 100 patients were selected as the training and evaluation data sets, respectively, which were reviewed by rheumatologists. We created separate NLP searches to capture different aspects of gout flares. For each note, the NLP search outputs became the ML system inputs, which provided the final classification decisions. The note\u2010level classifications were grouped into patient\u2010level gout flares. Our NLP+ML results were validated using a gold standard data set and compared with the claims\u2010based method used by prior literatures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For 16,519 patients with a diagnosis of gout and a prescription for a urate\u2010lowering therapy, we identified 18,869 clinical notes as gout flare positive (sensitivity 82.1%, specificity 91.5%): 1,402 patients with \u22653 flares (sensitivity 93.5%, specificity 84.6%), 5,954 with 1 or 2 flares, and 9,163 with no flare (sensitivity 98.5%, specificity 96.4%). Our method identified more flare cases (18,869 versus 7,861) and patients with \u22653 flares (1,402 versus 516) when compared to the claims\u2010based method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a computer\u2010based method (NLP and ML) to identify gout flares from the clinical notes. Our method was validated as an accurate tool for identifying gout flares with higher sensitivity and specificity compared to previous studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]],"date-time":"2014-03-24T23:15:58Z","timestamp":1395702958000},"page":"1740-1748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning to Identify Gout Flares From Electronic Clinical Notes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Chengyi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazia","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente, Pharmacy Analytical Services Downey California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Lin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente, Pharmacy Analytical Services Downey California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"River","family":"Koblick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente, Pharmacy Analytical Services Downey California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony T.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Southern California Fontana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald D.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Southern California Downey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Craig","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente, Pharmacy Analytical Services Downey California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464210-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2004.030692"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200666120-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33483"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3181945d2c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e31820543c5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24166"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2011.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000464"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000164"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-356"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31825bd9f5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extracting data from electronic medical records: validation of a natural language processing program to assess prostate biopsy results","volume":"17","author":"Thomas AA","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Data mining: practical machine learning tools and techniques","author":"Witten IH","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Biological entity recognition with conditional random fields","author":"He Y","year":"2008","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rhu.0000209882.50228.9f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0157-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24201"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Facr.22324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acr.22324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T16:25:01Z","timestamp":1759422301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acr.22324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acr.22324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.22324","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2151-464X","2151-4658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2151-464X","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-4658","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]]}}}