{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T21:29:59Z","timestamp":1793568599936,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]],"date-time":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004337","name":"Roche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp;amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To establish the incidence of giant cell arteritis (GCA), cumulative use of prednisolone, and comorbidities most associated with GCA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data source was the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Selection criteria included \u22651 record of a diagnostic term for GCA between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011, age \u226550 years, and \u22651 prescription of oral or systemic corticosteroid. Controls were selected randomly (2:1), with year of birth, practice, and followup duration (&lt;2 or \u22652 years) as matching variables. Analysis was data driven; all comorbidities were identified in a 2\u2010year window, with relative risk (RR) calculated and rank ordered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 4,671 patients fulfilled the definition of GCA (incidence, 1.0 per 10,000 person\u2010years), with highest incidence (7.4 per 10,000 person\u2010years) in women ages 70\u201379 years. Of the 4,671 patients, 4,655 (99.7%) were prescribed prednisolone. In the group with \u22652 years' followup (n = 3,074), the mean number of prednisolone prescriptions was 32.1, and the mean cumulative dose was 8,640 mg; 1,034 patients (33.4%) received a cumulative dose of \u226510,000 mg. Comorbidities strongly associated with GCA were polymyalgia rheumatica (RR 14.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 11.9\u201318.7), visual disturbances (RR 4.6, 95% CI 2.7\u20137.8), facial pain (RR 3.3, 95% CI 2.1\u20135.3), osteoporosis (RR 2.9, 95% 2.3\u20133.7), hypokalemia (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6\u20133.9), and various infections such as oral\/esophageal thrush (RR 3.7, 95% CI 2.2\u20136.0) and herpes zoster (RR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6\u20134.1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>GCA is relatively uncommon; its incidence peaks at age 70\u201379 years in women. Overall, GCA patients in the UK are treated with high cumulative prednisolone doses. Many conditions are associated with GCA, including several related to corticosteroid use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]],"date-time":"2014-08-06T15:51:49Z","timestamp":1407340309000},"page":"390-395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Incidence of Giant Cell Arteritis and Characteristics of Patients: Data\u2010Driven Analysis of Comorbidities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Hans","family":"Petri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Petri Consulting St Albans UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Nevitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoffmann\u2010La Roche Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Sarsour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genentech San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Napalkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genentech San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Collinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roche Products Welwyn Garden City UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022694"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.12.1208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24459"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.046912"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"2624","article-title":"Temporal arteritis in Vest Agder County in southern Norway: incidence and clinical findings","volume":"27","author":"Haugeberg G","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1739","article-title":"The incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in the county of Aust Agder, south Norway: a prospective study 1987\u201394","volume":"24","author":"Gran JT","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"44","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"S15","article-title":"The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem over a 25\u2010year period: annual and seasonal fluctuations","author":"Bas\u2010Lando M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"830","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in northwestern Turkey: clinical and epidemiological data","volume":"27","author":"Pamuk ON","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.111005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.088351"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq039a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11388"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.78a.10131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"British National Formulary 66","author":"Joint Formulary Committee","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0992-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200427120-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.5.686.32205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/21.3.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"Clinical Practice Research Datalink data release July2012. 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