{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:00:52Z","timestamp":1789441252811,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]],"date-time":"2016-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Mary Kirkland Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Standardized cognitive tests and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients demonstrate deficits in working memory and executive function. These neurobehavioral abnormalities are not well studied in antiphospholipid syndrome, which may occur independently of or together with SLE. This study compares an fMRI paradigm involving motor skills, working memory, and executive function in SLE patients without antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) (the SLE group), aPL\u2010positive non\u2010SLE patients (the aPL\u2010positive group), and controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain MRI, fMRI, and standardized cognitive assessment results were obtained from 20 SLE, 20 aPL\u2010positive, and 10 healthy female subjects with no history of neuropsychiatric abnormality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis of fMRI data showed no differences in performance across groups on bilateral motor tasks. When analysis of variance was used, significant group differences were found in 2 executive function tasks (word generation and word rhyming) and in a working memory task (N\u2010Back). Patients positive for aPL demonstrated higher activation in bilateral frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices compared to controls during working memory and executive function tasks. SLE patients also demonstrated bilateral frontal and temporal activation during working memory and executive function tasks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to controls, both aPL\u2010positive and SLE patients had elevated cortical activation, primarily in the frontal lobes, during tasks involving working memory and executive function. These findings are consistent with cortical overactivation as a compensatory mechanism for early white matter neuropathology in these disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,6]],"date-time":"2016-03-06T02:39:37Z","timestamp":1457231977000},"page":"1655-1663","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Working Memory and Executive Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Antibody\u2013Positive Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Kozora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, and Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College, Cornell University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Ulu\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Erkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College, Cornell University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Filley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine and Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center Denver Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Ramon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Special Surgery New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Burleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Jewish Health Denver Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Medical College, Cornell University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Lockshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College, Cornell University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:4<599::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Clinical neuropsychology","author":"Kozora E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.144.5.1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00867424"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.2.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Cerebral lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus detected by magnetic resonance imaging: relationship to anticardiolipin antibody","volume":"21","author":"Ishikawa O","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199801)41:1<41::AID-ART6>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780371108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.11.1055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem287"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"985","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and association with antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"30","author":"Sanna G","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10187"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-007-0004-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00271-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.21.2.251.931"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.20.2278"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.167.6.8956600"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)\u2010negative systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) versus aPL\u2010positive non\u2010SLE patients","volume":"32","author":"Kozora E","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheum"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400928"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM\u2010IV axis I disorders, clinician version (SCID\u2010CV)","author":"First MB","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350606"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339600500305"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"The BILAG index: a reliable and valid instrument for measuring clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"86","author":"Hay EM","year":"1993","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"927","article-title":"Development and assessment of a computerized index of clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"69","author":"Symmons DP","year":"1988","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780391213"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"463","article-title":"Use of the transcranial Doppler ultrasonographic diagnosis in neurology and surgery","volume":"47","author":"Walecki J","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pol Tyg Lek"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/8.8.743"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3810158"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060826"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(01)00082-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20692"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0b013e31829d5c74"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199801)41:1<41::AID-ART6>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0b013e318190d174"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21158"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00185"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht289"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711000191"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203311429116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096120330000900704"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/268436"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309357061"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Facr.22873","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acr.22873","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T17:22:00Z","timestamp":1759425720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acr.22873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acr.22873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.22873","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2151-464X","2151-4658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2151-464X","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-4658","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,26]]}}}