{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T02:06:08Z","timestamp":1783130768581,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,28]],"date-time":"2016-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"American College of Rheumatology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008741","name":"European League Against Rheumatism","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013459","name":"Arthritis New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Association Rhumatisme et Travail"},{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n de Reumat\u00f3logos del Hospital de Cruces"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the best\u2010performing survey definition of gout from items commonly available in epidemiologic studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Survey definitions of gout were identified from 34 epidemiologic studies contributing to the Global Urate Genetics Consortium (GUGC) genome\u2010wide association study. Data from the Study for Updated Gout Classification Criteria (SUGAR) were randomly divided into development and test data sets. A data\u2010driven case definition was formed using logistic regression in the development data set. This definition, along with definitions used in GUGC studies and the 2015 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)\/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) gout classification criteria were applied to the test data set, using monosodium urate crystal identification as the gold standard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For all tested GUGC definitions, the simple definition of \u201cself\u2010report of gout or urate\u2010lowering therapy use\u201d had the best test performance characteristics (sensitivity 82%, specificity 72%). The simple definition had similar performance to a SUGAR data\u2010driven case definition with 5 weighted items: self\u2010report, self\u2010report of doctor diagnosis, colchicine use, urate\u2010lowering therapy use, and hyperuricemia (sensitivity 87%, specificity 70%). Both of these definitions performed better than the 1977 American Rheumatism Association survey criteria (sensitivity 82%, specificity 67%). Of all tested definitions, the 2015 ACR\/EULAR criteria had the best performance (sensitivity 92%, specificity 89%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A simple definition of \u201cself\u2010report of gout or urate\u2010lowering therapy use\u201d has the best test performance characteristics of existing definitions that use routinely available data. A more complex combination of features is more sensitive, but still lacks good specificity. If a more accurate case definition is required for a particular study, the 2015 ACR\/EULAR gout classification criteria should be considered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,25]],"date-time":"2016-03-25T10:32:09Z","timestamp":1458901929000},"page":"1894-1898","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Survey Definitions of Gout for Epidemiologic Studies: Comparison With Crystal Identification as the Gold Standard"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Dalbeth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Ralph","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"Fransen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuhina","family":"Neogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim L.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viecuri Medical Center Venlo The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Worawit","family":"Louthrenoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiang Mai University  Chiang Mai Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janitzia","family":"Vazquez\u2010Mellado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General de Mexico Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim","family":"Eliseev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology of Russia Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geraldine McCarthy, MD, FRCPI, University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Science Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa K.","family":"Stamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Perez\u2010Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Cruces &amp; BioCruces Health Research Institute Vizcaya Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Sivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General Universitario de Elda Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang\u2010Korng","family":"Ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, UFR de M\u00e9decine, INSERM, UMR 1132, H\u00f4pital Lariboisi\u00e8re, Assistance Publique\u2010H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, and H\u00f4pital Lariboisi\u00e8re Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Gerritsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westfries Gasthuis Hoorn The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7451-0271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo A.","family":"Scire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlo A. Scire, MD, PhD, Italian Society for Rheumatology Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Cavagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University and IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo Foundation Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chingtsai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin\u2010Yi","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Kathrin","family":"Tausche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldo","family":"da Rocha Castelar\u2010Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthijs","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rijnstate Hospital Arnhem The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9292-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiunn\u2010Horng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Medical University School of Medicine Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco A.","family":"Cimmino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"Uhlig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diakonhjemmet Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22660"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204976"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206364"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22585"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2500"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780200320"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208237"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39254"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Facr.22896","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Facr.22896","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acr.22896","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T17:45:24Z","timestamp":1759427124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acr.22896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,28]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acr.22896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.22896","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2151-464X","2151-4658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2151-464X","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-4658","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,28]]}}}