{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:24:45Z","timestamp":1782923085550,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]],"date-time":"2016-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) frequently affects the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) and is often undetected by history, examination, and plain imaging. Qualitative assessment of gadolinium\u2010enhanced magnetic resonance images (MRIs) is currently the standard for diagnosis of TMJ synovitis associated with JIA. The purpose of this study is to apply a quantitative analysis of synovial enhancement to MRIs of patients with and without JIA to establish a disease threshold and sensitivity and specificity for the technique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a retrospective case\u2013control study of children (age \u226416 years) who had MRIs with gadolinium including the TMJs. Subjects were divided into a JIA group and a control group. From a coronal T1\u2010weighted image, a ratio (enhancement ratio [ER]) of the average pixel intensity within three 0.2\u2010mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> regions of interest (ROIs) in the TMJ synovium to that of a 50\u2010mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> ROI of the longus capitis muscle was calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity. The inter\u2010 and intraexaminer reliability was evaluated with Bland\u2010Altman plots and 2\u2010way mixed, absolute agreement intraclass correlation coefficients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 187 and 142 TMJs included in the JIA and control groups, respectively. An ER threshold of 1.55 had a sensitivity and specificity for detecting synovitis of 91% and 96%, respectively. The inter\u2010 and intraexaminer reliability was excellent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Calculating a ratio of pixel intensity between the TMJ synovium and the longus capitis muscle is a reliable way to quantify synovial enhancement. An ER of 1.55 differentiates normal TMJs from those affected by inflammatory arthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]],"date-time":"2016-04-25T20:22:44Z","timestamp":1461615764000},"page":"1795-1802","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Quantifying Temporomandibular Joint Synovitis in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Cory M.","family":"Resnick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pouya M.","family":"Vakilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miche\u00e1l","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston 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