{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:20:19Z","timestamp":1782782419301,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]],"date-time":"2017-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify factors associated with blood concentrations of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its major metabolite, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ), in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; lupus) receiving long\u2010term oral HCQ treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>SLE patients who had been taking HCQ for more than 3 months were recruited. Various clinical characteristics, laboratory values, and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores were examined. The concentrations of HCQ and DHCQ ([HCQ] and [DHCQ]) were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and the relationship between [HCQ], [DHCQ], and [HCQ]:[DHCQ] ratio to various factors was investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 189 SLE patients receiving long\u2010term HCQ treatment were included in the analysis. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) [HCQ] was 515 (IQR 353\u2013720) ng\/ml, the median [DHCQ] was 417 (IQR 266\u2013591) ng\/ml, and the median [HCQ]:[DHCQ] ratio was 1.3 (range 1.0\u20131.7). [HCQ] was closely associated with [DHCQ] (r\u2009=\u20090.81, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The weight\u2010adjusted oral HCQ dose was strongly associated with both [HCQ] (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and [DHCQ] (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Time since last dose was associated with [HCQ] (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No statistically significant association was found between renal function or smoking and [HCQ] or [DHCQ]. Use of additional immunosuppressants increased both [HCQ] and [DHCQ] after adjusting for possible confounders (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03, respectively). The lower SLEDAI score was significantly related to higher [HCQ], after adjusting for age, sex, weight\u2010adjusted HCQ dose, time since last dose, number of other immunosuppressants, and smoking status (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Various factors affected blood levels of [HCQ], [DHCQ], or the [HCQ]:[DHCQ] ratio of SLE patients receiving long\u2010term oral HCQ treatment. Notably, higher [HCQ] was associated with a lower SLEDAI score in our typical outpatient clinic population with lupus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]],"date-time":"2016-07-07T11:14:32Z","timestamp":1467890072000},"page":"536-542","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Factors Related to Blood Hydroxychloroquine Concentration in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Ji","family":"Yeon Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung","family":"Ki Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Hyeon Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung","family":"Su Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung\u2010Hwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199101173240303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.093013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24232"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312450084"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.068676"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22156"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1996.tb00190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1422.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150379"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2004.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02976712"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.31.6.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313476361"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350606"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2013.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"S1","volume-title":"Am J Kidney Dis","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22837"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Smoking interferes with efficacy of antimalarial therapy in cutaneous lupus","volume":"25","author":"Rahman P","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.072587"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; 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