{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:10:30Z","timestamp":1767910230012,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,27]],"date-time":"2018-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006538","name":"Canadian Arthritis Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10\u2010SRP\u2010IJD\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10\u2010SRP\u2010IJD\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006538","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["THC\u2010135235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THC\u2010135235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care & Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"Objective<\/jats:title>To determine excess productivity losses and costs of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE<\/jats:styled-content>), systemic sclerosis (SS<\/jats:styled-content>c), and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS<\/jats:styled-content>) at the population level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Administrative databases from the province of British Columbia, Canada, were used to establish population\u2010based cohorts of SLE<\/jats:styled-content>, SS<\/jats:styled-content>c, and SS<\/jats:styled-content>, and matched comparison cohorts were selected from the general population. Random samples from these cohorts were surveyed about time absent from paid and unpaid work and working at reduced levels\/efficiency (presenteeism), using validated labor questionnaires. We estimated excess productivity losses and costs of each diagnosis (over and above nonsystemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases [non\u2010SARD<\/jats:styled-content>s]), using 2\u2010part models and work disability rates (not employed due to health).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Surveys were completed by 167 SLE<\/jats:styled-content>, 42 SS<\/jats:styled-content>c, and 90 SS<\/jats:styled-content> patients, and by 375 non\u2010SARD<\/jats:styled-content>s (comparison group) participants. Altogether, predicted excess hours of paid and unpaid work loss were 3.5, 3.2, and 3.4 hours per week for SLE<\/jats:styled-content>, SS<\/jats:styled-content>c, and SS<\/jats:styled-content> patients, respectively. Excess costs were $86, $69, and $84 (calculated as 2015 Canadian dollars) per week, or $4,494, $3,582, and $4,357 per person annually, respectively. Costs for productivity losses from paid work stemmed mainly from presenteeism (SLE<\/jats:styled-content> = 69% of costs, SS<\/jats:styled-content>c = 67%, SS<\/jats:styled-content> = 64%, and non\u2010SARD<\/jats:styled-content>s = 53%), not from absenteeism. However, many working\u2010age patients were not employed at all, due to health (SLE<\/jats:styled-content> = 36%, SS<\/jats:styled-content>c = 32%, SS<\/jats:styled-content> = 30%, and non\u2010SARD<\/jats:styled-content>s = 18%), and the majority of total productivity costs were from unpaid work loss (SLE<\/jats:styled-content> = 73% of costs, SS<\/jats:styled-content>c = 74%, SS<\/jats:styled-content> = 60%, and non\u2010SARD<\/jats:styled-content>s = 47%). Adjusted excess costs from these unpaid production losses were $127, $100, and $82 per week, respectively, among SLE<\/jats:styled-content>, SS<\/jats:styled-content>c, and SS<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>In this population\u2010based sample of prevalent SLE<\/jats:styled-content>, SS<\/jats:styled-content>c, and SS<\/jats:styled-content>, lost productivity costs were substantial, mainly from presenteeism and unpaid work impairments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T09:51:21Z","timestamp":1523526681000},"page":"142-154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Excess Productivity Costs of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic Sclerosis, and Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome: A General Population\u2013Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4147-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"McCormick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada Richmond, and The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo A.","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, and The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Sadatsafavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek A.","family":"Kopec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada Richmond, and The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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