{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:01:08Z","timestamp":1787169668013,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,27]],"date-time":"2018-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000130","name":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDC\u2010RFA\u2010DP08\u2010806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDC\u2010RFA\u2010DP08\u2010806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000130","name":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDC\u2010PA03022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDC\u2010PA03022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010AR\u2010065493\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010AR\u2010065493\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010MD\u2010010455\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010MD\u2010010455\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010AR\u2010070898\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010AR\u2010070898\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01\u2010DP005119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01\u2010DP005119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care & Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n Relative to studies of systemic lupus erythematosus (\n SLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), epidemiologic studies of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (\n CCLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) are rare and are limited to populations with no racial diversity. We sought to provide minimum estimates of the incidence of primary\n CCLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n CCLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n in the absence of\n SLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) in a population comprised predominantly of white individuals and black individuals in the southeastern region of the\n US<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The Georgia Lupus Registry allowed for the use of multiple sources for case\u2010finding, including dermatology and rheumatology practices, multispecialty health care facilities, and dermatopathology reports. Cases with a clinical or clinical\/histologic diagnosis of\n CCLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n were classified as definite. Cases ascertained exclusively from dermatopathology reports were categorized as probable. Age\u2010standardized incidence rates stratified by sex and race were calculated for discoid lupus erythematosus (\n DLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) in particular and for\n CCLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n in general.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The overall age\u2010adjusted estimates for combined (definite and probable)\n CCLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n were 3.9 per 100,000 person\u2010years (95% confidence interval [95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ] 3.4\u20134.5). The overall age\u2010adjusted incidences of definite and combined\n DLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n were 2.9 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2.4\u20133.4) and 3.7 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3.2\u20134.3) per 100,000 person\u2010years, respectively. When capture\u2013recapture methods were used, the age\u2010adjusted incidence of definite\n DLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n increased to 4.0 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3.2\u20134.3). The black:white and female:male incidence ratios for definite\n DLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n were 5.4 and 3.1, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Our findings underscore the striking racial disparities in susceptibility to primary\n CCLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n , with black individuals having a 3\u2010fold to 5\u2010fold increased incidence of\n CCLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n in general, and\n DLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n in particular, compared with white individuals. The observed sex differences were consistent with those reported previously, with a 3 times higher risk of\n DLE<\/jats:styled-content>\n in women compared with men.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T16:45:30Z","timestamp":1524069930000},"page":"95-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Racial Disparities in the Incidence of Primary Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in the Southeastern US: The Georgia Lupus Registry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6832-7291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Drenkard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sareeta","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Jonesboro Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Aspey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles G.","family":"Helmick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaobin","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Sam","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"310","volume-title":"Dubois\u2019 lupus erythematosus and related syndromes","author":"Chong BF","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.9030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310370048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2006.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1975.01630230050009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11310780-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Fitzpatrick's color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology","author":"Wolff K","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309345769"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312458167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1995.tb00966.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20079"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00891-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24835"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38239"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Bridged\u2010race population estimates United States July 1st resident population by state county age sex bridged\u2010race and Hispanic origin. 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