{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:08:56Z","timestamp":1792447736778,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016060","name":"Stichting De Cock-Hadders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp;amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is characterized by granulomatous inflammation of the medium\u2010 and large\u2010sized arteries accompanied by remodeling of the vessel wall. Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) is a serine protease that promotes both inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we investigated the plasma levels and vascular expression of FAP in GCA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma FAP levels were measured with enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay in treatment\u2010naive patients with GCA (n = 60) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) (n = 63) compared with age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls (HCs) (n = 42) and during follow\u2010up, including treatment\u2010free remission (TFR). Inflamed temporal artery biopsies (TABs) of patients with GCA (n = 9), noninflamed TABs (n = 14), and aorta samples from GCA\u2010related (n = 9) and atherosclerosis\u2010related aneurysm (n = 11) were stained for FAP using immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence staining was performed for fibroblasts (CD90), macrophages (CD68\/CD206\/folate receptor beta), vascular smooth muscle cells (desmin), myofibroblasts (\u03b1\u2010smooth muscle actin), interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), and matrix metalloproteinase\u20109 (MMP\u20109).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Baseline plasma FAP levels were significantly lower in patients with GCA compared with patients with PMR and HCs and inversely correlated with systemic markers of inflammation and angiogenesis. FAP levels decreased even further at 3 months on remission in patients with GCA and gradually increased to the level of HCs in TFR. FAP expression was increased in inflamed TABs and aorta of patients with GCA compared with control tissues. FAP was abundantly expressed in fibroblasts and macrophages. Some of the FAP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> fibroblasts expressed IL\u20106 and MMP\u20109.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>FAP expression in GCA is clearly modulated both in plasma and in vessels. FAP may be involved in the inflammatory and remodeling processes in GCA and have utility as a target for imaging and therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T01:16:10Z","timestamp":1714439770000},"page":"1322-1332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Altered Plasma Levels and Tissue Expression of Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha in Giant Cell Arteritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8071-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7712-3576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William F.","family":"Jiemy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemieke M. H.","family":"Boots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Arends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7382-8322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"van Sleen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter H.","family":"Nienhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-6765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kornelis S. M.","family":"van der Geest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8684-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Heeringa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4809-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Sandovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24459"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0458-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.760686"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00253-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210792"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2021.151728"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-020-09909-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.51.36505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2017.12.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"338","article-title":"Role of fibroblast activation protein alpha in fibroblast\u2010like synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Mousavi MJ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa142"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2080"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq519"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.10.091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03823-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-1746"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2016.0159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42325"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-97-5-672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep303a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-3973-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab814"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.06.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000452"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2825(1999)13:6<273::AID-JCLA4>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1263-7"},{"issue":"289","key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Expression of fibroblast activation protein in human coronary vessels","volume":"49","author":"Mohmand\u2010Borkowski A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol Merkur Lekarski"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0275-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.244806"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab664"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.256271"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.902155"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.9.3110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05346-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2013.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2009.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088772"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910580314"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103111"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2023-eular.232","article-title":"POS0092 Spatial distribution of distinct fibroblast subtypes in giant cell arteritis","volume":"82","author":"Xu S","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207846"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163799"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222605"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/acr.25354","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T16:29:50Z","timestamp":1759422590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/acr.25354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/acr.25354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.25354","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2151-464X","2151-4658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2151-464X","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-4658","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}