{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T23:36:15Z","timestamp":1783985775932,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000142","name":"Arthritis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y10\u201015\u2010323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y10\u201015\u2010323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000142","name":"Arthritis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y5\u201015\u2010081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y5\u201015\u2010081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ5169668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ5169668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012051","name":"Lupus Research Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["702951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["702951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment (CI) is common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Despite its prevalence, the immune mechanisms are not well understood. We previously reported elevated serum levels of S100A8\/A9 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP\u20109) in patients with SLE and CI. This study aims to validate those findings by examining the relationship between serum levels and CI in patients with SLE at baseline and after one year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed cognitive function in 112 patients with SLE using the adapted American College of Rheumatology\u2013Neuropsychological Battery, defining CI as impairment in two or more domains. Serum S100A8\/A9 and MMP\u20109 levels were measured by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. We compared serum levels between CI and non\u2010CI groups, evaluated cognitive domain performance at baseline and one year, and explored associations between serum changes and cognitive status changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At baseline, 48 patients (42.8%) had CI. After one year, the cognitive funtion remained stable in 55%, improved in 31.2%, and worsened in 13% of patients. Serum S100A8\/A9 levels were significantly higher in CI patients at baseline (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0007, r = 0.413) and one year (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0045, r = 0.359), correlating inversely with multiple CI domains. The worsened group showed a significant increase in S100A8\/A9 levels, whereas the improved group exhibited a reduction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this large cohort of patients with well\u2010characterized SLE, serum S100A8\/A9 levels were elevated in those with CI and showed an inverse relationship with cognitive performance across multiple domains. Changes in S100A8\/A9 levels corresponded with changes in cognitive status over one year. These findings warrant further investigation into the role of S100A8\/A9 in CI within the context of SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T06:22:45Z","timestamp":1747635765000},"page":"1303-1312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of Elevated Serum\n                    <scp>S100A8<\/scp>\n                    \/\n                    <scp>A9<\/scp>\n                    Levels and Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Grajales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schroeder Arthritis Institute and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Barraclough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schroeder Arthritis Institute and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and The University of Manchester, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan P.","family":"Diaz\u2010Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schroeder Arthritis Institute and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital  Toronto Ontario 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