{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:16:15Z","timestamp":1786976175290,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003286","name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CN22\u201014SL\u20101653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN22\u201014SL\u20101653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explored the relationship between air pollution and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), focusing on how specific air quality components affect RA disease activity as measured by the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The research involved data that were obtained from six air\u2010monitoring stations across Kuwait, and information on patients with RA was obtained from the Kuwait Registry for Rheumatic Diseases. This study analyzed the impact of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), ozone (O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less, nitrogen oxide, and carbon monoxide on the DAS28.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results highlighted that NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      were the most significant Air Quality Index components influencing DAS28 scores. NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      had a lag effect of two months (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01, effect score = 0.43), whereas O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      exhibited a lag effect of three months (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05, effect score = 0.31), both correlating with increased RA disease activity. The study used a Vector Error Correction Model and cointegration analysis to examine short\u2010 and long\u2010term associations between predicted and actual DAS28 scores was adjusted over the following year using air quality index, indicating that strong long\u2010term cointegration with the error correction term was negative and significant (\u22120.54,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings emphasize the importance of air quality management in mitigating the impact of environmental factors on RA, suggesting that exposure to elevated levels of NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      beyond regulatory standards could exacerbate RA symptoms. This study provides a foundation for future public health interventions aimed at improving disease prognosis in patients with RA by addressing environmental factors, such as air pollution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T05:37:58Z","timestamp":1749793078000},"page":"1340-1349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Predicting the Impact of Air Quality Index on Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alsaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American University of Kuwait  Salmiya 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