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Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. Random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis estimated pooled prevalence, cumulative incidence, and risk\u2010factor associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We screened 827 studies from which an overall 19 met inclusion criteria (18 cohort and 1 case\u2010control). Pooled HCQ\u2010R prevalence from 2008 to 2023 was 5.1% (95% CI 3.9\u20136.5). Pooled cumulative incidence was 0.1% (95% CI 0.0\u20130.5) at 5 years, 2.6% (95% CI 1.6\u20134.1) at 10 years, and 5.6% (95% CI 3.2\u20139.6) at 15 years. Risk factors measured as HR (95% CI) included daily dose &gt;5 mg\/kg actual body weight (4.32 [2.80\u20136.65]), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (1.94 [1.27\u20132.96]), female sex (3.78 [1.90\u20137.48]), and Asian vs White ethnicity (1.67 [1.07\u20132.62]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HCQ\u2010R risk increases with duration and is dose\u2010dependent, reaching 5.6% by 15 years. Findings support dose optimization with intensified screening for higher\u2010risk patients, including those with CKD or those who are female and\/or Asian.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.80033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:16:32Z","timestamp":1772990192000},"page":"1532-1543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Risk of Retinopathy Associated with Long\u2010Term Use of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5846-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narsis","family":"Daftarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1533-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve D.","family":"Levasseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3328-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University  Burnaby British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5526-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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