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They were randomly assigned to receive concurrent sham BAT\/sham tDCS, active BAT\/sham tDCS, sham BAT\/active tDCS, or active BAT\/active tDCS. Participants completed 20\u2010minute interventions for five consecutive days. After, participants repeated the clinical knee pain assessment, QST, and fMRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusted analyses of 226 people who completed the process revealed no significant main effects of treatment on clinical pain or pain modulatory balance. However, average pain\u2010evoked cerebral blood flow across pain\u2010related regions of interest was significantly lower for active tDCS (\u22123.14; confidence interval [CI]:\u22124.83 to \u22121.45) versus sham tDCS (\u22120.51; CI: \u22122.19 to 1.17), though this finding did not survive multiple correction. Preplanned follow\u2010up comparisons revealed that the active BAT\/active tDCS group showed lower postintervention pain\u2010evoked cerebral blood flow than the sham BAT\/sham tDCS group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PROACT study found that mindfulness meditation in combination with tDCS may reduce pain\u2010evoked cerebral blood flow in adults with knee OA. Future research is needed to determine if a longer duration of exposure to the combined active BAT\/active tDCS treatment beneficially influences pain modulatory balance and clinical knee pain in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/acr80189-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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