{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T04:33:45Z","timestamp":1773203625599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACR Open Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a large\u2010vessel vasculitis that primarily affects the aorta and its branches. Extracranial branches of the carotid artery are frequently affected; however, intracranial involvement in GCA is rare.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective medical record review was performed to identify all patients with intracranial GCA (IC\u2010GCA) from January 1996 through May 2018.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine patients with IC\u2010GCA were included (78% male; mean age, 72.1 years [SD: 7.9]). All patients met ACR criteria for GCA. The median time from onset of GCA to intracranial involvement was 0.6 months (interquartile range: 0.1\u20105.1). All patients had neurologic symptoms, 89% had an ischemic cerebrovascular event. Transient or permanent vision loss was frequent (56% of patients). IC\u2010GCA was diagnosed by cranial imaging in all nine patients. Intracranial vasculitis most commonly affected the internal carotid artery (100%), followed by the vertebral artery (67%), posterior cerebral artery (67%), middle cerebral artery (44%), anterior cerebral artery (33%), and posterior inferior cerebral artery (11%). Intracranial vessel stenosis was present in 89%, occlusion in 33%, wall thickening in 33%, and dilation in 11%.<\/jats:p><jats:p>All patients received glucocorticoids. Additional therapeutic agents included cyclophosphamide (67%) and tocilizumab (22%). Despite treatment, five patients had rapid deterioration and mortality. Comparing IC\u2010GCA patient survival to the expected rates from the US population, the standardized mortality ratio (95% CI) for IC\u2010GCA was 58.1 (18.9\u2010135.6).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although rare, IC\u2010GCA is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It occurs predominantly in men and presents with ischemic cerebrovascular events. Current treatment strategies appear to be of limited efficacy for IC\u2010GCA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T09:59:26Z","timestamp":1595411966000},"page":"471-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Clinical and Radiographic Features of Giant Cell Arteritis With Intracranial Involvement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6287-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"Sanchez\u2010Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander S.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester 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