{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:08:56Z","timestamp":1792120136204,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012051","name":"Lupus Research Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A5666081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A5666081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI138511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI138511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACR Open Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Black groups have increased prevalence and accelerated pathogenicity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared to other ethnic\/racial groups. The microbiome and systemic microbial translocation are considered contributing factors to SLE disease pathogenesis. However, racial differences in the plasma microbiome and microbial translocation in lupus remain unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the current study, we investigated plasma levels of microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and zonulin) and the plasma microbiome using microbial 16S RNA sequencing of Black and White patients with SLE and Black and White healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma microbial translocation was increased in Black patients versus in White patients and in patients with SLE versus healthy controls regardless of race. Compared to sex, age, and disease status, race had the strongest association with plasma microbiome differences. Black groups (Black controls and Black patients) had lower \u03b1\u2010diversity than White groups (White controls and White patients) and more distinct \u03b2\u2010diversity. Black and White patients demonstrated differences in plasma bacterial presence, including <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>. Compared to White patients, Black patients had higher SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores and urinary protein levels as well as a trend for increased anti\u2013double\u2010stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody levels consistent with the known increased severity of lupus in Black patients overall. Certain plasma bacteria at the genus level were identified that were associated with the SLEDAI score, urinary protein, and anti\u2010dsDNA antibody levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study reveals racial differences in both quality and quantity of plasma microbial translocation and identified specific plasma microbiome differences associated with SLE disease pathogenesis. Thus, this study may provide new insights into future potential microbiome therapies on SLE pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T11:19:07Z","timestamp":1712056747000},"page":"365-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Racial Differences in Plasma Microbial Translocation and Plasma Microbiome, Implications in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ogunrinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morton Plant North Bay Hospital BayCare Health System  Lutz Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-3574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Gilkeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ralph H. 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