{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:52:28Z","timestamp":1783975948361,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unrestricted Casey Eye Institute Funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted Casey Eye Institute Funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH\u201020\u20101\u20100674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH\u201020\u20101\u20100674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACR Open Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoimmune retinopathy and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)\u2010related retinal toxicity share many similarities, raising the possibility autoimmunity plays a role in HCQ retinopathy. The objective of this study is to determine whether patients diagnosed with HCQ retinal toxicity are more likely to have circulating antiretinal autoantibodies (AAbs) compared to controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We tested plasma samples for the presence of anti\u2010retinal AAbs by immunoblotting in 270 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) receiving HCQ. We then evaluated for the presence of HCQ retinal toxicity and other baseline risk factors for HCQ toxicity through chart review. Frequency of specific anti\u2010retinal AAbs in patients with HCQ retinal toxicity was compared to those with no retinal toxicity via multivariate logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with HCQ retinal toxicity had a higher likelihood of testing positive for anti\u2010arrestin AAbs (60.7% vs 30.6%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) and anti\u2013pyruvate kinase M2 AAbs (46.4% vs 28.1%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.05). Patients with HCQ eye toxicity also had a higher number of total anti\u2010retinal AAbs (mean 3.0 \u00b1 2.40 vs 2.04 \u00b1 1.7, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01). In multivariate analysis accounting for risk factors associated for HCQ eye toxicity, the presence of anti\u2010arrestin antibodies was associated with a 3.2\u2010fold increase in the odds of developing HCQ eye toxicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti\u2010retinal AAbs were more common in patients with SLE with HCQ retinal toxicity. When controlling for risk factors associated with HCQ toxicity, anti\u2010arrestin AAbs were associated with increased odds for the development of eye toxicity, suggesting a potential role for anti\u2010retinal AAbs as a biomarker of HCQ eye toxicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:44:43Z","timestamp":1731026683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anti\u2010retinal Autoantibodies in Hydroxychloroquine Eye Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel D.","family":"Good","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine Division of Rheumatology University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles 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Angeles  Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Asahi General Hospital  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashira","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casey Eye Institute Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Skaggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine Division of Rheumatology University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2910-7640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine Division of Rheumatology University of 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