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This review summarizes current research on the monogenic causes of SLE and Beh\u00e7et syndrome, highlighting the various pathways that can be responsible for these unique phenotypes. In monogenic SLE, the identification of complement and DNASE1L3 deficiencies has elucidated mechanisms of apoptotic body accumulation and extracellular nucleic acid sensing. Type I interferonopathies underline the specific role of DNA\/RNA sensing and the interferon overexpression in the development of systemic autoimmunity. Other significant genetic defects include Toll\u2010like receptor hypersignaling and JAK\/STATopathies, which contribute to the breakdown of immune tolerance. To date, genetic defects directly affecting B and T cell biology only account for a minority of identified causes of monogenic lupus, highlighting the importance of a tight regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin and RAS (Rat sarcoma GTPase)\/MAPK (mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase) signaling in lupus. In Beh\u00e7et syndrome, rare variants in <jats:italic>TNFAIP3, RELA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>NFKB1<\/jats:italic> genes have been identified, underscoring the importance of NF\u2010\u03baB overactivation. Additional monogenic diseases such as <jats:italic>ELF4, WDR1<\/jats:italic> mutations and trisomy 8 further illustrate the genetic complexity of this condition. Observations from genetic studies in SLE and Beh\u00e7et syndrome highlight the complexity of systemic inflammatory diseases in which distinct molecular defects caused by single\u2010gene mutations can promote lupus or Beh\u00e7et syndromes, often unrecognizable from their genetically complex \u201cclassical\u201d forms. Insights gained from studying rare genetic variants enhance our understanding of immune function in health and disease, paving the way for targeted therapies and personalized medicine.\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/acr270003-toc-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.70003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T14:24:16Z","timestamp":1739888656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["How (Ultra\u2010)Rare Gene Variants Improve Our Understanding of More Common Autoimmune and Inflammatory 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