{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:38:56Z","timestamp":1792427936618,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACR Open Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>A dysregulated immune response is involved in the pathogenesis of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). These diseases have been reported as immune\u2010related adverse events in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoints inhibitors. In this cross\u2010sectional study, the relationship between soluble immune checkpoint molecules (sICMs) and clinical\/imaging features of PMR and GCA was investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consecutive patients with PMR diagnosed according to the criteria by Bird et al were compared with age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls. Patients with PMR and overlapping GCA had to also satisfy the 1990 ACR classification criteria for GCA. All patients underwent standardized clinical, laboratory examination, and <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F\u2010fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography\/computed tomography scans. The sICM anticytotoxic T Ly\u20104, the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD\u20101), and PD\u20101 ligands PD\u2010L1 and PD\u2010L2 were measured by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty patients (80% women, mean age 76 years, and mean disease duration 88 days) were assessed. Of these, 30 had isolated PMR and 10 had PMR with GCA. Patients showed significantly higher concentrations of all sICMs compared with controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Conditional logistic regression revealed the strong discriminative capacity of these molecules between patients and healthy controls, with PD\u20101 showing complete separation among groups (effect size = 0.78) and PD\u2010L1 (odds ratio [OR] 134.33, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and PD\u2010L2 (OR 63.00, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) demonstrating the strongest ability to distinguish patients from controls. Correlations between sICM levels and clinical features were generally weak or absent, with no significant differences based on disease phenotype or glucocorticoid exposure. Results were similar in glucocorticoid\u2010naive patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>sICMs are significantly elevated in PMR and GCA and strongly differentiate patients from healthy controls. Although they do not correlate with clinical or imaging features, their consistent elevation in active disease might suggest a complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/acr270045-gra-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.70045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T08:18:53Z","timestamp":1746778733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Soluble Co\u2010Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecules Are Increased in Patients With Polymyalgia Rheumatica Without Significant Correlations With Clinical Status: A Case\u2010Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-0983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvis","family":"Hysa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6384-6458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Camellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIMES, University of Genova, Division of Rheumatology, \u201cLa Colletta\u201d Hospital, Local Health Trust 3  Genova 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Autoimmunology, IRCSS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Morbelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Sciences University of Turin  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Bagnasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties University of Genova  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5396-0932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Cutolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine University of Genova, IRCSS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino  Genova 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