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Interestingly, the brain and underlying neural circuits important for sleep regulation may respond uniquely to stress that leads to post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and stress that does not. In stress that does not lead to PTSD, the hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010adrenal axis (HPA) pathway is activated normally that results in sympathetic nervous system activation that allows the brain and body to return to baseline functioning. However, exposure to stress that leads to PTSD, causes enhanced negative feedback of this same pathway and results in long\u2010term physiological and psychological changes. In this review, how stress regulates glucocorticoid signaling pathways in brain glial cells called astrocytes, and then mediates stress\u2010induced insomnia are examined. Astrocytes are critical sleep regulatory cells and their connections to sleep and stress due to disturbed glucocorticoid signaling provide a novel mechanism to explain how stress leads to insomnia. This review will examine the interactions of stress neurobiology, astrocytes, sleep, and glucocorticoid signaling pathways and will examine the how stress that leads to PTSD and stress that does not impacts sleep\u2010regulatory processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202101203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T09:14:38Z","timestamp":1657703678000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Molecular Relationship between Stress and Insomnia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jasmine N.","family":"Birch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WSU Health Sciences Spokane Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology  412 E. 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