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Discussions are ongoing about the feasibility of addressing the organ shortage through measures like increasing organ donations, improving post\u2010transplant outcomes, and xenotransplantation. This paper examines the rationale, risks, and costs of xenotransplantation, such as xenozoonoses, creating a new form of industrialized animal farming, abandoning animal ethics principles, and the opportunity costs of investing finite research dollars in xenotransplantation instead of investing in more viable strategies. Alternative strategies that can ethically and effectively address the demand for heart, kidney, and other transplants are recommended: Improving disease prevention and management to reduce demand for transplant organs, improving transplantation methods, and systemic changes to donor policies and organ recovery methods to increase overall supply. Upon careful exploration of the full landscape of organ transplantation, it is considered whether these alternative strategies that do not impose the definite harms and significant risks of xenotransplantation are the most ethical and effective means to increase life\u2010saving options and improve clinical outcomes for patients in organ failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202400453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T04:59:46Z","timestamp":1739422786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Considering the Risks and Costs of Solid Organ Xenotransplantation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6405-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharine E.","family":"Krebs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine  5100 Wisconsin Ave NW, Ste 400 Washington DC 20016 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5028-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine  5100 Wisconsin Ave NW, Ste 400 Washington DC 20016 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5279-3271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristie","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine  5100 Wisconsin Ave NW, Ste 400 Washington DC 20016 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3675-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Craner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Physician  13505 Tremolite Dr Reno NV 89511 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3057-5684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Grossman School of Medicine  227 E 30th Street, Ste 623 NY NY 10016 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6286-1154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine  5100 Wisconsin Ave NW, Ste 400 Washington DC 20016 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2023.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"U. 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