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These changes in the valve tissue result in the activation of resident valvular interstitial cells (VICs) into myofibroblasts, which have increased levels of \u03b1SMA in their stress fibers. The persistence of VIC myofibroblast activation is a hallmark of AVS. In recent years, the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) has emerged as an important player in the regulation of fibrosis in various tissues (e.g., lung, skin), which motivated to investigate PTEN as a potential protective factor against matrix\u2010induced myofibroblast activation in VICs. In aortic valve samples from humans, high levels of PTEN are found in healthy tissue and low levels of PTEN in diseased tissue. Then, using pharmacological inducers to treat VIC cultures, it is observed that PTEN overexpression prevented stiffness\u2010induced myofibroblast activation, whereas genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PTEN further activated myofibroblasts. The increased nuclear PTEN localization is also observed in VICs cultured on stiff matrices, and nuclear PTEN also correlated with smaller nuclei, altered expression of histones, and a quiescent fibroblast phenotype. Together, these results suggest that PTEN not only suppresses VIC activation, but functions to promote quiescence, and can serve as a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of AVS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202400540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:39:02Z","timestamp":1744677542000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PTEN Regulates Myofibroblast Activation in Valvular Interstitial Cells Based on Subcellular Localization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Dilara","family":"Batan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado  Boulder Colorado 80303 USA"},{"name":"The BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado  Boulder Colorado 80303 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Tseropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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