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Their dysfunction is central to disorders ranging from dermatitis to neurodegeneration. Conventional static cultures fail to capture the relevant microenvironment and typically rely on cell lines that overlook patient\u2010specific genetics. Organs\u2010on\u2010chips (OoCs), by contrast, can recapitulate barrier\u2010specific flow, biomechanics, chemical gradients, and a multicellular architecture. Additionally, incorporating primary or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)\u2010derived cells into OoCs can open new avenues for precision medicine. This review surveys the architectural diversity and physiological functions of human barrier systems and explores how OoC platforms\u2014especially those using patient\u2010derived cells\u2014are advancing barrier disease modeling. It reveals similar core features but also unique barrier characteristics requiring specific adaptations, resulting in varied progress across systems, and continued refinement of iPSC differentiation protocols and OoC engineering is needed overall. Nevertheless, existing biological and technological advances already offer substantial, untapped opportunities to create physiologically relevant, patient\u2010specific disease models and drug\u2010testing platforms, bridging the gap between fundamental biology and translational\u00a0medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202500536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T16:54:22Z","timestamp":1770828862000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Personalized Models of Biological Barriers and Their Diseases: Recent Progress with Organs\u2010On\u2010Chips"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8993-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Buck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microtechnology (IMT) &amp; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ) Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0319-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Bugter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microtechnology (IMT) &amp; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ) Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5278-5424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gizem","family":"Yorukoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microtechnology (IMT) &amp; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ) Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2530-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Kazemzadeh Dastjerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro\u2010 and Nanosystems (MST) SciLifeLab KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-4833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro\u2010 and Nanosystems (MST), Digital Futures &amp; SciLifeLab KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Microtechnology (IMT) Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-018-0108-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190206195304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-021-00543-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC01564F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1594-5804(09)60016-4"},{"issue":"159","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","article-title":"In Vitro Microfluidic Disease Model to Study Whole Blood\u2010Endothelial Interactions and Blood Clot Dynamics in Real\u2010Time","volume":"2020","author":"Manz X. 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