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In this study, first, an MRI\/SPECT\/fluorescent tri\u2010modal probe (<jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>I\u2010fSiO4@SPIOs) is synthesized for quantitatively tracking mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplanted intracerebrally or intravenously into stroke rats, and then the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs delivered by both routes and the possible mechanism of the therapy are evaluated. It is demonstrated that <jats:sup>(125)<\/jats:sup>I\u2010fSiO4@SPIOs have high efficiency for labeling MSCs without affecting their viability, differentiation, and proliferation capacity , and found that 35% of intracerebrally injected MSCs migrate along the corpus callosum to the lesion area, while 90% of intravenously injected MSCs remain trapped in the lung at 14 days after MSC transplantation. However, neurobehavioral outcomes are significantly improved in both transplantation groups, which are accompanied by increases of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases\u20103 in blood, lung, and brain tissue (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The study demonstrates that <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>I\u2010fSiO4@SPIOs are robust probe for long\u2010term tracking of MSCs in the treatment of ischemic brain and MSCs delivered via both routes improve neurobehavioral outcomes in ischemic rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201402930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]],"date-time":"2014-12-17T09:54:38Z","timestamp":1418810078000},"page":"1024-1034","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["MRI\/SPECT\/Fluorescent Tri\u2010Modal Probe for Evaluating the Homing and Therapeutic Efficacy of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Ischemic Stroke Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yaohui","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 200030 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunfu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 200030 China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Med\u2010X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 200030 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 200030 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Med\u2010X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 200030 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Med\u2010X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 200030 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Med\u2010X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 200030 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Med\u2010X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 200030 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Med\u2010X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 200030 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff W. 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