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Nanotechnology\u2010mediated antioxidative therapy is emerging as a novel strategy for the treatment of AKI. Herein, a novel biomedical use of the endogenous biopolymer melanin as a theranostic natural antioxidant defense nanoplatform for AKI is reported. In this study, ultrasmall Mn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010chelated melanin (MMP) nanoparticles are easily prepared via a simple coordination and self\u2010assembly strategy, and further incorporated with polyethylene glycol (MMPP). In vitro experiments reveal the ability of MMPP nanoparticles to scavenge multiple toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppress ROS\u2010induced oxidative stress. Additionally, in vivo results from a murine AKI model demonstrate preferential renal uptake of MMPP nanoparticles and a subsequent robust antioxidative response with negligible side effects according to positron emission tomography\/magnetic resonance (PET\/MR) bimodal imaging and treatment assessment. These results indicate that the effectiveness of MMPP nanoparticles for treating AKI suggests the potential efficacy of melanin as a natural theranostic antioxidant nanoplatform for AKI, as well as other ROS\u2010related diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201904833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T17:49:57Z","timestamp":1569433797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["A Melanin\u2010Based Natural Antioxidant Defense Nanosystem for Theranostic Application in Acute Kidney Injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Tuanwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering International Cancer Center Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET) School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen University Health Science Center  Shenzhen 518060 P. R. 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China"},{"name":"Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison WI 53705 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary T.","family":"Rosenkrans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison WI 53705 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily B.","family":"Ehlerding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University  Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalong","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University  Shenzhen 518060 P. R. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd E.","family":"Barnhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University  Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan W.","family":"Engle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University  Shenzhen 518060 P. R. 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