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This limits stimulation effectiveness by requiring high stimulation currents, reduces selectivity of muscle recruitment, and requires subject\u2010specific designs to accommodate varied neuroanatomy across the patient population. Here, on a thin\u2010film, high\u2010channel count microelectrode array, termed SpineWrap is reported, which wraps around the dorsolateral aspect of the rat spinal cord. SpineWrap delivers focal stimulation to selectively activate muscles due to its thin substrate, high conformability, high channel count, on\u2010device ground, and the material properties of its platinum nanorod contacts. Through computational and in vivo studies, the SpineWrap can selectively recruit muscles in the rat lower limb and identify stimulation hotspots at a submillimeter resolution, maximizing muscle recruitment selectivity. The effect of channel count and density on muscle recruitment selectivity is also investigated and show that rat spinal cord arrays require submillimeter pitches to achieve maximal selectivity. SpineWrap represents an advancement in EES technology and, when adapted to be used chronically, has the potential to improve SCI treatment by providing more refined stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202420488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T02:17:07Z","timestamp":1736389027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Conformal, High\u2010Density SpineWrap Microelectrode Array for Focal Stimulation and Selective Muscle Recruitment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Samantha M.","family":"Russman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA 92093 USA"},{"name":"Shu Chien\u2010Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA 92093 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California San Diego  La Jolla CA 92093 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis D.","family":"Diaz\u2010Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA 92093 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System  La Jolla CA 92161 USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA 92093 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingbo","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA 92093 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keundong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory 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