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However, the dynamic mechanical tension ability also varies due to extracellular matrix remodeling in fibrosis, accompanied with the phenotypic transition from cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) to myofibroblasts. It is hypothesized that the dynamic mechanical tension ability regulates cardiac phenotypic transition within fibrosis in a strain\u2010mediated manner. In this study, a microdevice that is able to simultaneously and accurately mimic the biomechanical properties of the cardiac physiological and pathological microenvironment is developed. The microdevice can apply cyclic compressions with gradient magnitudes (5\u201320%) and tunable frequency onto gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels laden with CFs, and also enables the integration of cytokines. The strain\u2013response correlations between mechanical compression and CFs spreading, and proliferation and fibrotic phenotype remolding, are investigated. Results reveal that mechanical compression plays a crucial role in the CFs phenotypic transition, depending on the strain of mechanical load and myofibroblast maturity of CFs encapsulated in GelMA hydrogels. The results provide evidence regarding the strain\u2013response correlation of mechanical stimulation in CFs phenotypic remodeling, which can be used to develop new preventive or therapeutic strategies for cardiac fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T13:57:14Z","timestamp":1546610234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Cardiac Fibrotic Remodeling on a Chip with Dynamic Mechanical Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Life Science Ocean University of China  Yushan Road Qingdao Shandong Province 266003 China"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School  Cambridge MA 02139 USA"},{"name":"Harvard\u2010MIT Division of 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