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Here, it is demonstrated how architectural design of 3D printed scaffolds can improve in vivo outcomes. Ceramic scaffolds with different pore sizes and permeabilities, but with similar porosity and interconnectivity, are implanted in rabbit calvaria for 12 weeks, and then the explants are harvested for microcomputed tomography evaluation of the volume and functionality of newly formed bone. The results indicate that scaffold pores should be larger than 390 \u00b5m with an upper limit of 590 \u00b5m to enhance bone formation. It is also demonstrated that a bimodal pore topology\u2014alternating large and small pores\u2014enhances the volume and functionality of new bone substantially. Moreover, bone formation results indicate that stiffness of new bone is highly influenced by the scaffold's permeability in the direction concerned. This study demonstrates that manipulating pore size and permeability in a 3D printed scaffold architecture provides a useful strategy for enhancing bone regeneration outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T12:21:33Z","timestamp":1544185293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Architectural Design of 3D Printed Scaffolds Controls the Volume and Functionality of Newly Formed Bone"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Entezari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre in Innovative BioEngineering School of Aerospace Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering University of Sydney  NSW 2006 Australia"},{"name":"Shanghai\u2010Sydney Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab at Shanghai JiaoTong  Shanghai 200011 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Roohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry University of New South Wales  NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanglong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai\u2010Sydney Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab at Shanghai JiaoTong  Shanghai 200011 China"},{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics Oral Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  639 Zhizaoju Road Shanghai 200011 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin R.","family":"Dunstan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre in Innovative BioEngineering School of Aerospace Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering University of Sydney  NSW 2006 Australia"},{"name":"Shanghai\u2010Sydney Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab at Shanghai JiaoTong  Shanghai 200011 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Rognon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering University of Sydney  NSW 2006 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre in Innovative BioEngineering School of Aerospace Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering University of Sydney  NSW 2006 Australia"},{"name":"Shanghai\u2010Sydney Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab at Shanghai JiaoTong  Shanghai 200011 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinquan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai\u2010Sydney Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab at Shanghai JiaoTong  Shanghai 200011 China"},{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics Oral Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  639 Zhizaoju Road Shanghai 200011 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Zreiqat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre in Innovative BioEngineering School of Aerospace Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering University of Sydney  NSW 2006 Australia"},{"name":"Shanghai\u2010Sydney Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab at Shanghai JiaoTong  Shanghai 200011 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-1934-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad5904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.06.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3413"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"363","volume":"40","author":"Amini A. 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