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These studies have reported variable intensities of biocompatibility and selectivity for the nanocomposites toward a specific strain, but it is widely believed that graphene nanocomposites have antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities. Such antibacterial activity is due to several mechanisms by which graphene nanocomposites can act on cells including stimulating oxidative stress; disrupting membranes due to sharp edges; greatly changing core structure mechanical strength and coarseness. However, the underlying mechanisms of graphene nanocomposites as antiviral and antifungal agents remain relatively scarce. In this review, recent advances in the synthesis, functional tailoring, and antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal applications of graphene nanocomposites are summarized. The synthesis of graphene materials and graphene\u2010based polymeric nanocomposites with techniques such as pressurized gyration, electrospinning, chemical vapor deposition, and layer\u2010by\u2010layer self\u2010assembly is first introduced. Then, the antimicrobial mechanisms of graphene membranes are presented and demonstrated typical in vitro and in vivo studies on the use of graphene nanocomposites for antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal applications. Finally, the review describes the biosafety, current limitations, and potential of antimicrobial graphene\u2010based nanocomposites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T06:23:53Z","timestamp":1670912633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Graphene\u2010Based Nanocomposites as Antibacterial, Antiviral and Antifungal Agents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-8731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seda","family":"Gungordu Er","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London  Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohan","family":"Edirisinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London  Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5578-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanveer A.","family":"Tabish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London  Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK"},{"name":"Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Old Road Oxford OX3 7BN UK"},{"name":"Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford  Begbroke Science Park Oxford OX5 1PF UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00465"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/315185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10091066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201303234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.01.093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b11411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.06.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11092393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds3.10107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13040430"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b06876"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR06520E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.02.379"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1849"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.08.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C2NR32629A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201402780"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2018.0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.85.155455"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc11877c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2017.0058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"395","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. 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