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Microelectrodes may enable highly selective VNS that can mitigate off\u2010target effects, but they suffer from the increased impedance. Recent studies on microelectrodes with non\u2010Euclidean geometries have reported higher energy efficiency in neural stimulation applications. These previous studies use electrodes with mm\/cm\u2010scale dimensions, mostly targeted for myelinated fibers. This study evaluates fractal microelectrodes for VNS in a rodent model (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 3). A thin\u2010film device with fractal and circle microelectrodes is fabricated to compare their neural stimulation performance on the same radial coordinate of the nerve. The results show that fractal microelectrodes can activate C\u2010fibers with up to 52% less energy (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012) compared to circle microelectrodes. To the best of the knowledge, this work is the first to demonstrate a geometric advantage of fractal microelectrodes for VNS in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202202619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T01:15:20Z","timestamp":1679966120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fractal Microelectrodes for More Energy\u2010Efficient Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongcheon","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University  West Lafayette IN 47907 USA"},{"name":"Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University  West Lafayette IN 47907 USA"},{"name":"Center for Implantable Devices Purdue University  West Lafayette IN 47907 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8240-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calvin D.","family":"Eiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synchron Inc.  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