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This new concept utilizes the time as the fourth dimension in addition to the\n                    <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    axes with the idea to change the configuration of a printed construct with time usually in response to an external stimulus. This can be attained through the incorporation of smart materials or through a preset smart design. The 4D printed constructs may be designed to exhibit expandability, flexibility, self\u2010folding, self\u2010repair or deformability. This review focuses on 4D printed devices for gastroretentive, esophageal, and intravesical delivery. The currently unmet needs and challenges for these application sites are tried to be defined and reported on published solution concepts involving 4D printing. In addition, other promising application sites that may similarly benefit from 4D printing approaches such as tracheal and intrauterine drug delivery are proposed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202202631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T11:18:15Z","timestamp":1672053495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Utilizing 4D Printing to Design Smart Gastroretentive, Esophageal, and Intravesical Drug Delivery Systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina B.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy Faculty of Medicine Leipzig University  04317 Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics Egyptian Drug Authority  12311 Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1340-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela","family":"Schulz\u2010Siegmund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of Pharmacy Faculty of Medicine Leipzig University  04317 Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","unstructured":"C. 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