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Long\u2010term obstruction can lead to bladder remodeling, which is characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, detrusor hypertrophy, and fibrosis. Until now, there are no efficacious therapeutic options for BOO\u2010induced remodeling. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) are a type of novel 3D DNA nanomaterials that possess excellent antifibrotic effects. Here, to determine the treatment effects of tFNAs on BOO\u2010induced remodeling is aimed. Four single\u2010strand DNAs are self\u2010assembled to form tetrahedral framework DNA nanostructures, and the antifibrotic effects of tFNAs are investigated in an in vivo BOO animal model and an in vitro\u00a0transforming\u00a0growth\u00a0factor\u00a0beta1 (TGF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1)\u2010induced fibrosis model. The results demonstrated that tFNAs could ameliorate BOO\u2010induced bladder fibrosis and dysfunction by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization and the macrophage\u2013myofibroblast transition (MMT) process. Furthermore, tFNAs regulate M2 polarization and the MMT process by deactivating the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) and TGF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1\/small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) pathways, respectively. This is the first study to reveal that tFNAs might be a promising nanomaterial for the treatment of BOO\u2010induced remodeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202203076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T16:38:10Z","timestamp":1672936690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Antifibrotic Effects of Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids by Inhibiting Macrophage Polarization and Macrophage\u2013Myofibroblast Transition in Bladder Remodeling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology) West China Hospital Sichuan University  No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. 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