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However, the layer\u2010by\u2010layer principle of 3D printing leads to a staircase effect, which cannot meet the critical requirements of surface quality during the manufacturing process of biological lens, particularly with soft materials. Here, a liquid\u2010phase printing strategy and a surface tension\u2010dependent (STD) post\u2010processing method are proposed that use the surface tension of the liquid to reconstruct the air\u2010liquid interface. This eliminates the staircase effect caused by the stacking of units during 3D printing. The coordinates of integrated printing enable high\u2010accuracy shape control of soft materials. Using a typical biological lens as an example, this method improves the surface quality of printed lamellar corneal substitutes (LCS) from \u00b120.0 to \u00b10.2\u00a0\u00b5m and reduces thickness feature size from \u00b1500 to \u00b1150\u00a0\u00b5m. This approach can match human cornea curvature and thickness, achieving \u224885% visible light transmittance and biocompatibility. Liquid\u2010phase 3D printed biological lenses outperform molded ones in animal experiments. This method can advance artificial biological lens printing research and holds promise for future clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T21:14:46Z","timestamp":1691270086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Liquid\u2010Phase Integrated 3D Printed Biological Lenses for Lamellar Corneal Substitute"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6108-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University  Hangzhou 310058 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital  Hangzhou 310016 China"},{"name":"School of Medicine Zhejiang University  Hangzhou 310058 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital  Hangzhou 310016 China"},{"name":"School of Medicine Zhejiang University  Hangzhou 310058 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University  Hangzhou 310058 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University  Hangzhou 310058 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