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In this study, a hydrogel system is engineered with defined swelling behaviors, which demonstrated excellent printability in extrusion\u2010based 3D printing and programmed shape deformations post\u2010printing. Shape deformations of the spatially patterned hydrogels with defined infill angles are computationally predicted for a variety of 3D printed structures, which are subsequently validated experimentally. The gels are coated with gelatin\u2010rich nanofibers to augment cell growth. 3D\u2010printed hydrogel sheets with pre\u2010programmed infill patterns rapidly self\u2010rolled into tubes in vivo to serve as nerve\u2010guiding conduits for repairing sciatic nerve defects in a rat model. These 4D\u2010printed hydrogels minimized the complexity of surgeries by tightly clamping the resected ends of the nerves to assist in the healing of peripheral nerve damage, as revealed by histological evaluation and functional assessments for up to 45 days. This work demonstrates that 3D\u2010printed hydrogels can be designed for programmed shape changes by swelling in vivo to yield 4D\u2010printed tissue constructs for the repair of peripheral nerve damage with the potential to be extended in other areas of regenerative medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T05:39:55Z","timestamp":1680673195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["4D Printed Programmable Shape\u2010Morphing Hydrogels as Intraoperative Self\u2010Folding Nerve Conduits for Sutureless Neurorrhaphy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Akshat","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saswat","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vageesh Singh","family":"Baghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souvik","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials and Multiscale Mechanics Lab Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee  Roorkee 247667 India"},{"name":"Molecular Endocrinology Lab Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee  Roorkee 247667 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumeet","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Maharshi Markandeshwar University  Mullana 133207 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debrupa","family":"Lahiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials and Multiscale Mechanics Lab Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee  Roorkee 247667 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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