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Mounting evidence suggests that physical factors also modulate macrophage activation. 2D in vitro systems demonstrate that constraining macrophages to small areas or channels modulates their phenotypes and changes their responses to known inflammatory agents such as lipopolysaccharide. However, how dimensionality and pore size affect macrophage phenotype is less explored. In this work, the change in macrophage M1\/M2 polarization when confined in microporous annealed particle (MAP) scaffolds is studied. Particles sizes (40, 70, and 130 \u00b5m) are selected using outputs from software LOVAMAP that analyzes the characteristics of 3D pores in MAP gels. As the size of building block particle correlates with pore size inside the scaffolds, the three \u00a0types of scaffold allow us to study how the degree of spatial confinement modulates the behavior of embedded macrophages. Spatially confining macrophages in scaffolds with pore size on the scale of cells leads to a reduced level of the inflammatory response, which is correlated with a change in cell morphology and motility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T05:46:42Z","timestamp":1683784002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Spatial Confinement Modulates Macrophage Response in Microporous Annealed Particle (MAP) Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0697-0396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yining","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Campus Box 90281 Durham NC 27708\u20100281 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