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Although diabetes diagnosis via exhaled breath has great potential for early diagnosis, research on such diagnosis is restricted to disease detection, requiring in\u2010depth examination to diagnose and classify diseases and their complications. This study demonstrates the use of an artificial neural processing\u2010based bioelectronic nose to accurately diagnose diabetes and classify diabetic types (type I and II) and their complications, such as heart disease. Specifically, an M13 phage\u2010based electronic nose (e\u2010nose) is used to explore the features of subjects with diabetes at various levels of cellular and organismal organization (cells, liver organoids, and mice). Exhaled breath samples are collected during culturing and exposed to the phage\u2010based e\u2010nose. Compared with cells, liver organoids cultured under conditions mimicking a diabetic environment display properties that closely resemble the characteristics of diabetic mice. Using neural pattern separation, the M13 phage\u2010based e\u2010nose achieves a classification success rate of over 86% for four conditions in mice, namely, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and cardiomyopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T09:30:35Z","timestamp":1689327035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Artificial Neural Processing\u2010Driven Bioelectronic Nose for the Diagnosis of Diabetes and Its Complications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Woong Bi","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology Department of Physiology Medical Research Institute School of Medicine Pusan National University  Yangsan 50612 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Convergence Stem Cell Research Center Pusan National University  Yangsan 50612 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongwon","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital Pusan National University School of Medicine  Yangsan 50612 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh Mien","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio\u2010IT Fusion Technology Research Institute Pusan National University  Busan 46241 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nano Fusion Technology Pusan National University  Busan 46214 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Ji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology Department of Physiology Medical Research Institute School of Medicine Pusan National University  Yangsan 50612 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Convergence Stem Cell Research Center Pusan National University  Yangsan 50612 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaewoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology Department of Physiology Medical Research Institute School of Medicine Pusan National University  Yangsan 50612 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Convergence Stem Cell Research Center Pusan National University  Yangsan 50612 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nano Fusion Technology Pusan National University  Busan 46214 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun\u2010Jung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nano Fusion Technology Pusan National University  Busan 46214 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2010Woo","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio\u2010IT Fusion Technology Research Institute Pusan National University  Busan 46241 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano Fusion Technology Pusan National University  Busan 46214 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Korea Nanobiotechnology Center Pusan National University  Busan 46241 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9925-8682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang\u2010Mo","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology Department of Physiology Medical Research Institute School of Medicine Pusan National University  Yangsan 50612 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Convergence Stem Cell Research Center Pusan National University  Yangsan 50612 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"Magliano D. 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