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It has underscored the urgent need for a stable, easily produced and effective vaccine. This study presents a novel approach using SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike (S) protein\u2010conjugated nanoparticles (NPs) in combination with cyclic GMP\u2010AMP (cGAMP) (S\u2010NPs\u2010cGAMP) as a subunit vaccine. When mice are immunized, the antiserum of S\u2010NPs\u2010cGAMP group exhibits a 16\u2010fold increase in neutralizing activity against a pseudovirus, compared to S protein group. Additionally, S\u2010NPs\u2010cGAMP induces even higher levels of neutralizing antibodies. Remarkably, the vaccine also triggers a robust humoral immune response, as evidenced by a notable elevation in virus\u2010specific IgG and IgM antibodies. Furthermore, after 42 days of immunization, there is an observed increase in specific immune cell populations in the spleen. CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T lymphocytes, as well as B220<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD3<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD49b<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> NK lymphocytes, show an upward trend, indicating a positive cellular immune response. Moreover, the S\u2010NPs\u2010cGAMP demonstrates promising results against the Delta strain and exhibits good cross\u2010neutralization potential against other variants. These findings suggest that pDMDAAC NPs is potential adjuvant and could serve as a versatile platform for future vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202304575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T10:49:56Z","timestamp":1709549396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel Polymer Nanoparticle Polydimethyl Diallyl Ammonium Chloride as An Adjuvant Enhances the Immune Response of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Subunit Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6423-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Nanjing Tech University  Nanjing 211816 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Nanjing Tech University  Nanjing 211816 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Nanjing Tech University  Nanjing 211816 China"},{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety\u2010State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology  Nanjing 210014 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Nanjing Tech University  Nanjing 211816 China"},{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety\u2010State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology  Nanjing 210014 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weilu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Nanjing Tech University  Nanjing 211816 China"},{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety\u2010State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology  Nanjing 210014 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baochao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety\u2010State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology  Nanjing 210014 China"},{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang 212013 China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose Yangzhou University  Yangzhou 225009 P. 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