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However, tumor\u2010associated macrophages (TAMs), mainly M2 macrophages, tend to undermine the efficacy of immunotherapy and promote the progression of RCC. Here, macrophage\u2010derived nanosponges are fabricated by M2 macrophage membrane\u2010coated poly\uff08lactic\u2010co\u2010glycolic acid\uff09\uff08PLGA\uff09, which could chemotaxis to the CXC and CC chemokine subfamily\u2010enriched RCC microenvironment via corresponding membrane chemokine receptors. Subsequently, the nanosponges act like cytokine decoys to adsorb and neutralize broad\u2010spectrum immunosuppressive cytokines such as colony stimulating factor\u20101(CSF\u20101), transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2\uff08TGF\u2010\u03b2\uff09, and Lnterleukin\u201010\uff08IL\u201010\uff09, thereby reversing the polarization of M2\u2010TAMs toward the pro\u2010inflammatory M1 phenotype, and enhancing the anti\u2010tumor effect of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells. To further enhance the polarization reprogramming efficiency of TAMs, DSPE\u2010PEG\u2010M2pep is conjugated on the surface of macrophage\u2010derived nanosponges for specific recognition of M2\u2010TAMs, and the toll like receptors 7\/8\uff08TLR7\/8\uff09 agonist, R848, is encapsulated in these nanosponges to induce M1 polarization, which result in significant efficacy against RCC. In addition, these nanosponges exhibit undetectable biotoxicity, making them suitable for clinical applications. In summary, a promising and facile strategy is provided for immunomodulatory therapies, which are expected to be used in the treatment of tumors, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202400303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T07:55:01Z","timestamp":1713772501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Macrophage\u2010Derived Nanosponges Adsorb Cytokines and Modulate Macrophage Polarization for Renal Cell Carcinoma Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an 710032 China"},{"name":"Department of Urology Air Force 986 Hospital  Xi'an 710054 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