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However, using stem cells faces challenges such as immune rejection, limited proliferation and differentiation, and biosafety concerns. Therefore, acellular tissue regeneration may avoid these issues. Exosomes are used from muscle\u2010derived stem cells (MDSCs) to modify 3D\u2010printed hydrogel scaffolds for acellular tissue regeneration. Hypoxia\u2010preconditioned MDSC\u2010derived exosomes are obtained to enhance the therapeutic effect. In contrast to normoxic exosomes (N\u2010Exos), hypoxic exosomes (H\u2010Exos) are found to markedly enhance the proliferation, migration, and capillary\u2010like tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). High\u2010throughput sequencing analysis of miRNAs isolated from both N\u2010Exos and H\u2010Exos revealed a significant upregulation of miR\u201021\u20105p in H\u2010Exos following hypoxic preconditioning. Further validation demonstrated that the miR\u201021\u20105p\/PDCD4 pathway promoted the proliferation of HUVECs. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is introduced to improve the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of GelMA hydrogels. EGCG\u2010GelMA scaffolds loaded with different types of Exos are transplanted to repair rabbit penile corpora cavernosa defects, observed the blood flow and repair status of the defect site through color Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, and ultimately restored the rabbit penile erection function and successfully bred offspring. Thus, acellular hydrogel scaffolds offer an effective treatment for penile corpora cavernosa defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202401406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T05:56:34Z","timestamp":1721022994000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exosomes from Hypoxia Preconditioned Muscle\u2010Derived Stem Cells Enhance Cell\u2010Free Corpus Cavernosa Angiogenesis and Reproductive Function Recovery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tianwen","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Center of Reproductive Medicine Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology Guangdong\u2010Hong Kong\u2010Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou 510150 P. 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