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While current treatments focus on symptom management or surgical intervention, tissue engineering using IVD\u2010derived cells, biofactors, and scaffolds offers a promising regenerative approach. Here, human NP cells (NPCs) and annulus fibrosus cells (AFCs) are immortalized with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), generating immortalized NPCs (iHNPCs) and AFCs (iHAFCs). These cells express NP and AF\u2010specific markers, are reversible via FLP recombinase, and are non\u2010tumorigenic. iHAFCs exhibit osteogenic potential, while iHNPCs show chondrogenic differentiation. A 3D\u2010printed citrate\u2010based scaffold was employed to develop an IVD regeneration model, with BMP9\u2010stimulated iHAFCs in the peripheral region and BMP2\u2010stimulated iHNPCs in the central region. Histological analysis revealed bone formation in the iHAFC region and cartilage formation in the iHNPC region, mimicking the natural IVD structure. Additionally, an\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    spine fusion model demonstrated robust bone formation in iHAFC\u2010treated segments. These findings highlight the potential of iHAFCs and iHNPCs as valuable tools for IVD tissue engineering and regeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202403742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T20:53:16Z","timestamp":1741726396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Intervertebral Disc (IVD) Regeneration Model Using Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells (iHNPCs) and Annulus Fibrosus Cells (iHAFCs)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Orthopaedic Institute Soochow University  Suzhou 215006 China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Institute of Geriatric Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking 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