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Nonetheless, the effective integration of PRP with bone implants and the sustained release of its active constituents pose significant challenges. In this study, thrombin is grafted onto the surface of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) via an N,N'\u2010Disuccinimidyl Carbonate (DSC) linker and the retained enzymatic activity of thrombin enables the controlled activation of PRP self\u2010assembly, resulting in the formation of a functional bio\u2010gel layer. The optimal thrombin concentration to be 100 U\/ mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> is determined, at which point both the grafting amount and enzymatic activity of thrombin reaches their peak, with no further increases observed at higher concentrations. PRP solutions with varying platelet enrichment ratios are subsequently activated on the thrombin\u2010grafted PEEK surface, yielding self\u2010assembled bio\u2010gels capable of sustained growth factor release for up to 16 days. The thrombin\u2010activated PRP bio\u2010gel on PEEK surface not only enhances in vitro cell adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, vascularization and specific polarization of macrophages, but also effectively facilitates in vivo angiogenesis, immunomodulation and bone formation in a platelet dose\u2010dependent manner. Consequently, the thrombin\u2010activated PRP gel presents a promising strategy for the biological functionalization of PEEK implants in orthopedic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202404295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T02:25:31Z","timestamp":1738203931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancing Immunomodulation and Osseointegration of Bone Implants via Thrombin\u2010Activated Platelet\u2010Rich Plasma Self\u2010Assembly"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changchun 130022 China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital  Beijing 100050 China"},{"name":"Department of 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